Beyond the Minute Book: A Speculative Lineage for Scottish Freemasonry
By: Nicholas Broadway
For students of Masonic history, the figures of William St. Clair of Roslin and John Boswell of Auchinleck are cornerstones.
St. Clair represents a family steeped in the patronage of operative masons and a lineage later associated with hereditary claims over the Craft in Scotland.
Boswell, recorded in the minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary’s Chapel) in 1600, stands as one of the earliest documented non-operative, or ‘speculative’, members. These are historical facts, crucial points in the documented journey of Freemasonry.
But what lay before the formal minutes and the emergence of speculative lodges? Could the seeds of our Craft’s unique blend of operative skill and symbolic meaning have been cultivated in less visible ways, perhaps stewarded through specific families deeply connected to the land, its builders, and its ancient wisdom?
This article presents a speculative hypothesis, an exploration into the shadows beyond the formal historical record, suggesting a potential thread connecting medieval craft knowledge, symbolic geometry, and a network of Scottish noble families, culminating in the documented birth of speculative Freemasonry.
The Medieval Foundation: Geometry, Craft, and the Tironensians
left: South face of the surviving West tower of Kelso Abbey (viewed from the south east).
right: The nave of Arbroath Abbey, as observed from the west
IMAGE LINKED: wikimedia Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Our speculative journey begins not in grand castles, but in the monastic workshops of the 12th century. Monastic orders were the great patrons of building during this era, and their need for skilled craftsmen was immense.
The Tironensian Order, arriving in Scotland around 1113 CE, was particularly noted for the skill of its lay brethren in various crafts, including building. Abbeys like Kelso and Arbroath stand as testament to the operative mastery of the masons they employed.
These operative masons possessed a profound understanding of geometry. Concepts like the “Centre of the Circle” and the power of the “3rd Point” – creating the fundamental triangle, essential for structural stability and design layout – were not merely practical tools; they were foundational principles governing the very act of creation in stone.
Within the close-knit, often secretive world of the operative lodge or ‘ludge’, this geometric knowledge was transmitted, often orally, alongside the practical skills.
Here, our speculation begins: While this knowledge was clearly operative, could it also have held deeper, possibly esoteric, significance for some? Could the perfect geometry inherent in their work have been seen not just as a means to build solid structures, but as a reflection of divine order, a key to understanding the universe itself?
Stewards of the Craft: A Hypothesis of Noble Custodians
Scottish noble families, including the Drummonds, Ruthvens, Boswells, Flemings, St. Clairs, Setons, Murrays, and Stewarts (particularly those connected to the Lorn region, such as the Stewarts of Appin), were the primary employers and patrons of these skilled masons.
It is a historical fact that lords commissioned abbeys, castles, and homes, and thus interacted intimately with the master masons and their lodges.
Our hypothesis suggests that this relationship sometimes went beyond simple patronage. Could certain families, perhaps those known for independent thought or a fascination with classical learning and symbolism, have developed a deeper interest in the meaning behind the mason’s craft? Might they have not just employed masons, but actively engaged with the symbolic potential of their tools, their geometry, and their working traditions?
The speculation proposes that these families, or key individuals within them, became informal “stewards” of a tradition that blended operative knowledge with a burgeoning speculative interpretation.
They could have appreciated the geometric principles – the Centre, the 3rd Point – not just for building walls, but as metaphors for spiritual or philosophical concepts. Passed down, perhaps quietly within family circles or amongst trusted associates, this could have formed an oral tradition running parallel to the more visible operative lodges.
Bridging the Gap: From 12th Century Geometry to 15th Century Whispers
Black Knight of Lorn
IMAGE LINKED: wikimedia Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Tracing such an oral tradition over centuries is inherently difficult, lacking the clear documentation of lodge minutes. However, the hypothesis needs a bridge. The idea of a key figure, perhaps one steeped in the martial world but connected to the land and its ancient ways, emerges as a speculative possibility.
The prompt mentions the “Black Knight of Lorn” and his kin. While no specific historical figure definitively known by this exact title is documented as a masonic luminary, the Stewarts of Lorn were certainly powerful lords in a region rich in history and connection to the land and its builders.
Could a figure like the “Black Knight,” whether a specific individual or an archetypal representation, embody the spirit of this speculative stewardship? A lord, employing masons for fortifications or residences, yet possessed of an independent mind, possibly influenced by returning crusaders or simply drawn to the esoteric possibilities inherent in the craft?
The speculation is that figures within such families, perhaps in Lorn or other strongholds, helped carry forward the esoteric interpretation of the mason’s working knowledge from the era of the Tironensians through the late medieval period (1400s).
An Era of Shadows: Persecution and Hidden Knowledge
The late 15th and 16th centuries in Scotland were times of immense upheaval – the Reformation, political turmoil, and widespread suspicion of independent groups or hidden knowledge. This was the era of intense persecution, including the tragic witch trials that affected many, including individuals associated with regions like Atholl and bearing names like Graham.
It is crucial to state clearly that there is no historical evidence linking accused witches directly to operative or speculative masonry. However, the climate of fear, suspicion, and persecution during this period is a historical fact.
Any group or individuals perceived to hold unusual knowledge, meet in private, or follow traditions not sanctioned by the dominant powers could easily become targets of misunderstanding or malice.
Our speculation suggests that this turbulent backdrop would have reinforced the need for any potential esoteric tradition linked to the craft to remain deeply hidden, known only to a trusted few, perhaps those within powerful families less vulnerable to immediate reprisal.
The Culmination: John Boswell and the Dawn of Speculative Light
John Boswell – Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1785
IMAGE LINKED: wikimedia Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
And so, our speculative thread reaches the cusp of documented history. By the late 16th century, we see evidence of operative lodges beginning to admit non-operatives – men of learning, lords, and lairds – drawn not by the need to build, but by an interest in the fellowship, the ethical teachings, or perhaps, the symbolism of the Craft.
This culminates, in the extant records, with the entry of John Boswell, Laird of Auchinleck, into the Lodge of Edinburgh in 1600. Boswell was a man of education and status. His membership is a historical fact, a clear marker in the transition to speculative Masonry.
Our speculation asks: Was Boswell’s appearance in the lodge minutes merely an isolated instance of a curious gentleman joining a trade guild? Or could it represent the point where a stream of esoteric interpretation, potentially nurtured for centuries within a network of noble families like his own (the Boswells of Auchinleck were prominent), began to flow into the formal structure of the operative lodge?
Could the geometric and symbolic knowledge, perhaps appreciated and guarded in private circles since the days of the Tironensian masons, have found a new, albeit still nascent, public expression through the admission of these early speculative members?
Conclusion: A Tapestry of Fact and Theory
The documented history of Scottish Freemasonry gives us clear points: the operative lodges, the patronage of nobility, the admission of non-operatives like John Boswell in 1600, and the later formal structures. The figures of St. Clair and Boswell are undeniable.
Our hypothesis, however, suggests a richer, albeit less visible, backstory. It speculates that families like the Drummonds, Ruthvens, Boswells, Flemings, St. Clairs, Setons, Murrays, and Stewarts (of Appin/Lorn and elsewhere) may have done more than simply employ masons; some may have been custodians of a deeper understanding of the Craft’s inherent symbolism, a tradition rooted in the geometry of the medieval builders, potentially influenced by the masters working under patrons like the Tironensians.
It posits a difficult-to-trace lineage, perhaps needing figures like the “Black Knight” as symbolic or actual links across the centuries, surviving the era of suspicion and persecution.
This remains, importantly, a speculative narrative. It lacks definitive historical proof for its connecting threads and the precise role of each mentioned family or figure in stewarding a specific esoteric tradition.
Yet, by weaving together historical facts – the monastic builders, the noble patrons, the importance of geometry, the turbulent era, the documented transition to speculative Masonry – with hypothetical links, it offers a compelling possibility: that the unique symbolic richness of Scottish Freemasonry may have roots reaching far deeper than the earliest surviving minute books, nurtured in quiet corners and powerful houses, waiting for the right moment to emerge into the wider light.
The quest to understand the Craft’s full history, blending what is known with what might have been, continues.
Foonote
References
Reference Sources
| Clan Boswell History – ScotClans https://www.scotclans.com/blogs/b2/tagged/clan-boswell
| Clan Stewart of Appin – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan_Stewart_of_Appin&oldid=1279928450
| Freemasonry in Scotland – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_in_Scotland&oldid=1240195455 |
| James Stewart – History of the Stewarts \| Famous Stewarts https://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm
| John Boswell (freemason) – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Boswell_(freemason)&oldid=1284064332
| Kelso Abbey: a Magnificent Medieval Marvel – Wee Walking Tours https://www.historicenvironment.scot/
| Ruthven Clan History – ScotClans https://www.scotclans.com/
| Seton family – University of Strathclyde https://www.strath.ac.uk/
| Strange happenings at Blair Castle – Atholl Estates https://atholl-estates.co.uk/
| The Rosslyn Chapel, the St Clair’s of Roslin and the Templar Order: The Connection. – MasterMason.com https://www.rosslynchapel.com/
Article by: Nicholas J Broadway
Nicholas was initiated into Freemasonry in 1989 in England (UGLE) and occupied the Master's chair. He is a member of ExLibris Lodge 3756 the research lodge and Exlibris Academy.
He also joined other UGLE craft Lodges and is a PZ in the Royal Arch Chapter.
He acquired the title of The Square Magazine in January 2020 and oversees the technical running of the digital publication.
Recent Articles: masonic history
 Protestantism and Masonic Influence in Brazil Discover the untold story of how Freemasons helped Southern Americans immigrate to Brazil post-Civil War, fostering economic and educational growth in Santa Bárbara d’Oeste and Americana. Learn about their pivotal role in establishing Protestant churches and ensuring the secularity of the Brazilian State amidst a Catholic-dominated society. |
 Explore the proper use of the sacred word in Brazilian Freemasonry through an analysis of Masonic literature and Bible translations. Uncover the errors in pronunciation and the need for corrections to maintain liturgical coherence in rituals. Discover insights on Masonry, rituals, and the Hebrew word Boaz. |
 Narratives of History |
 A Very Royal Sesquicentenary |
 Unveiling the Enigma: Discover the Royal Society's Legacy and its Impact on Science. Delve into the fascinating history of the Royal Society, the prestigious UK academy shaping scientific progress since 1660. Explore its pivotal role in advancing knowledge, fostering collaboration, and unlocking the secrets of the universe. Prepare to be amazed! |
 Knights Templar in Freemasonry Uncover the Mysteries of the Knights Templar in Freemasonry! Delve into the intriguing world where chivalry and symbolism intertwine. Discover the captivating rituals and ancient secrets behind the Knights Templar Masonic Orders. Explore the historical connection and delve into the enigmatic narratives that continue to fascinate enthusiasts today. Unveil the hidden truths now! |
 The Royal Arch stands as the rainbow of promise in the Ritual; it stands as the promise of the resurrection; of that which was lost and that it shall be recovered. The question arises as to whether the Master's Word was originally communicated in the Third Degree? On this point there is some diversity of opinion. Originally published in 1915, this insight into the Fourth Degree – the Holy Royal Arch – is as relevant today as it was over 100 years ago. |
 Unveiling the Mysteries of Druidism: Discover the Intriguing Connection with Freemasonry. Explore the ancient spiritual practice of Druidism and its fascinating ties to the enigmatic world of Freemasonry. Delve into the shared symbolism and rituals that have captivated minds for centuries. Unlock the secrets of these intertwined traditions today! |
 Uncover the legacy of freestone masons and their pivotal role in crafting medieval cathedrals. Discover the artistry behind their techniques, the hierarchy within their craft, and the enduring impact of their intricate carvings. A deep dive into the world of these master craftsmen awaits you! |
 Unearth the intriguing journey from Vincha Culture to Freemasonry. Discover how ancient building methods intertwine with modern Masonic philosophies. This exploration will shed light on the fascinating link between the Serbian term "shestarenye" and the symbolic significance of the compass in Freemasonry. |
 Freemasonry and the Illuminati Unravel the enigmatic world of Freemasonry and the Illuminati in our latest exposé. Dive into centuries-old mysteries, debunk conspiracy theories, and discover the truth behind these elusive societies. Are they puppet masters or mere myths? Join us as we dissect history and fact from fiction. |
 The Île des Templiers, or “Island of the Templars” lies within a leafy park in Paris. The execution site of Jacques du Molay, the last Grand Master of the Knights’ Templar bears a plaque with the epitaph ‘A cet endroit / Jacques de Molay / Dernier grand maître / de l'ordre du temple / a été brûlé le 18 Mars 1314’ (‘In this location / Jacques de Molay / Last grand master / of the order of the temple / was burned on 18 March 1314’) |
 Operative Progressions to Speculative Masonry Both Operative and Speculative Masonry are an important part of the modern fraternity of Freemasonry, which combines elements of both traditions. Today, Freemasonry is a fraternity that is open to men of good character, who are interested in personal development and in making a positive contribution to their communities. |
 General Regulations of a Free Mason, 1723 General Regulations of a Free Mason as contained in Anderson's Constitutions of the Freemasons, published 1723. the Regulations are of great historical interest. Compiled by George Payne, the second Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England, they were printed in 1722/3, thus published just over five years after the formation of the Grand Lodge 1717. |
 The Genesis of the 1723 Book of Constitutions 2023, marks the three hundredth anniversary of the publication of the first printed Book of Constitutions of the Grand Lodge formally established in London two years previously. This is an anniversary whose significance extends beyond freemasonry. A paper by Andrew Prescott |
 The Ritual of the Operative Free Masons - P3 Existing Operative Free Masons. The ritual I am about to refer, is that of "The Worshipful Society of Free Masons, Rough Masons, Wallers, Slaters, Paviors, Plaisterers, and Bricklayers." By Thomas Carr, M.D., P. M. Honorary Member of the Guild of Operative Free Masons |
 Liberté chérie was a Masonic Lodge founded in 1943 by Belgian Resistance fighters and other political prisoners at Esterwegen concentration camp. It was one of the few lodges of Freemasons founded within a Nazi concentration camp during the Second World War. |
 The Ritual of the Operative Free Masons - P2 If anyone doubts the fact that the formation of Speculative Free Masonry was due to and based upon Operative Free Masonry, it is quite easy to convince him of his error if he will only study the first Book of Constitutions. By Thomas Carr, M.D., P. M. Honorary Member of the Guild of Operative Free Masons |
 In 1881, Freemasonry rose from the ashes of a fire in the mining town of Kokomo, Summit County, Colorado. Corinthian Lodge No. 42, along with Kokomo, no longer exists but it holds the record of having been – at an elevation of 10,618 feet – the highest Masonic Lodge in the USA. |
 The Huguenots and Early Modern Freemasonry The Huguenots influence in the development of early modern Freemasonry at the time of the formation of the Grand Lodge in London around 1717 / 1723. |
 November is a month of reflection – perhaps due to the fact that we are getting close to the years' end – but also because Remembrance / Armistice Day (11 November) is a significant date in most countries' diaries. |
 Speculative Freemasonry, as practise by Grand Lodge of England, was officially born just over three hundred years ago, is today an international organisation, counting over six million members. It has been subjected to persecution, suppression, and abolition throughout its history. In its infancy, only a couple of decades after its official birth, it had already become a target. |
 The Ritual of the Operative Free Masons - P1 The original paper was written, first, to prove that Speculative Free Masonry was derived from Operative Free Masonry; second, to give some account of the Operative Free Masons, of their Ritual, and of their customs. By Thomas Carr, M.D., P. M. Honorary Member of the Guild of Operative Free Masons |
 American Fraternalism in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries The late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States has been called the "Golden Age of Fraternalism." How did this come about and why was the idea of joining a fraternal organization so popular? We will explore this question and examine the regalia used by many fraternal organizations in this period. |
 Societas Draconistarum, meaning "Society of the Dragonists"– was a chivalric Order for selected nobility, founded in 1408 by Sigismund von Luxembourg, who through marriage became the King of Hungary (1387–1437) and later Holy Roman Emperor. The Order was fashioned after the military orders of the Crusades, requiring its initiates to defend the cross and fight the enemies of Christianity, in particular the Ottoman Empire. |
 The Perjured Free Mason Detected Was Samuel Prichard a perjured individual, or simply a misguided Freemason? Prichard's book "Free Masonry Dissected" published in 1730, is now used by many Masonic historians as a source of reference with regards to the introduction of the third degree into the Craft. But at the time it was published in 1730, it was not so well received by members of the Grand Lodge of England. |
 17th century and the Holy Royal Arch This article focuses on a period of transition between a point in time when we can safely and historically identify the first formation of what could be called as the ‘Royal Arch’ and the historical events that have preceded it. |
 Most Freemasons have heard the terms 'Operative' and 'Speculative' Masons, and this article helps to understand the difference: |
 Roberts' Constitutions of Freemasonry 1722 Published a year before Anderson's Constitutions, The Old Constitutions Belonging to the Ancient and Honourable SOCIETY OF Free and Accepted MASONS. Originally printed in London England; Sold by J. Roberts, in Warwick-Lane, MDCCXXII.(1722) |
 From 'Songs of religion and life', 1876 by John Stuart Blackie (1809-1895) |
 On the Antiquity of Masonic Symbolism Is the Symbolism of Masonry an inheritance derived from the old Masons who flourished before the era of the Grand Lodges (1717); or has it been borrowed from the Rosicrucians or others, after 1717? |
 Mason's Marks – from Egypt to Europe? Mason's marks have been a source of intrigue, not only to Freemasons but to historians and archaeologists. The use of simple pictograms have been employed for millennia by artisans to identify their work. But where did they originate and why? |
 The White House Foundation Stones Further to the articles in our series on the history of the stone masons, we have a rather intriguing addition. During the 1950's renovation of the White House, President Truman retrieved more than 100 stone blocks with stonemasons marks. |
 What the Goose and Gridiron Tavern is in the ancient annals of London Freemasonry, The Green Dragon Tavern is to the memories of the Free-mason, of Boston and New England. |
 Auschwitz concentration camp: video photo article taken in 2013 |
 There are two things of importance happening this day - 27 January |
 Two approaches regarding the understanding of Freemasonry |
 Masonic Research in England c1930 An article which appeared in an American Masonic magazine, c1930 and which was reproduced in England, provoking a little controversy. |
 Masonic bookplates the ‘Brethren’s spiritual coats of arms and marks’ |
 The Unlawful Societies Act of 1799 Rebellious Freemasons and the 21st century |
 In 1912, Sarah Dowd of Dromore, Ireland, found a Masonic jewel dated 1517 - a date two hundred years before the establishment of Grand Lodge... |
 Freemasonry and Fascist Regime Interesting speech by the famous historian Prof. Aldo A. Mola, who links the fascist regime with the Masonic Associations. |
 Was famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin a Freemason? And if so, was he a member of the lodge ‘for which all the lodges in Russia were destroyed’? |
 The Importance of Masonic Research Why is accurate - or authentic - Masonic research so important? The importance of making a daily advancement in Masonic knowledge is something that The Square is passionate about promoting. |
 The Antient Noble Order of the Gormogons had a brief existence in the eighteenth century; they left few records or accomplishments, |
masonic knowledge
to be a better citizen of the world
share the square with two brothers
click image to open email app on mobile device
The Square Magazine Podcast
The Square Magazine Podcast
