My first encounter with the enigmatic figure of Count Alessandro di Cagliostro was when doing research for my book, The Masonic Magician: the Life and Death of Count Cagliostro and his Egyptian Rite.
Philippa at the site of Cagliostro’s former house – 1 Rue Saint-Claude, Paris, 2011
IMAGE CREDIT: © Philippa Lee
He immediately came across as something of a mystery, a chimera, one of those flamboyant personalities that compel further investigation.
What started as a fascination with this bombastic character soon turned into something of a historical detective story.
Once I had established who he was – alchemist, traveller, Freemason and healer – my research then uncovered the makings of a tragic tale.
Adored and vilified in equal measure, this was a man who left ripples wherever he went. He careered, from patronage by some of Europe’s finest nobles, to persecution by his dissenters.
Most dangerously, he attracted the attention of the Roman Catholic Church and its feared Inquisition. Labelled a heretic, Freemason and occultist, Cagliostro had caught their eye and garnered their resentment for many years.
His overt spiritual assertions of the immortality of the soul, the path to divinity without a priest and the formation of his Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry made him a suitable target.
During his later life and ultimately his trial, the Church went to great efforts to denounce him. The chapter headings of this book echo these same calumnies – ‘the Imposter’, the Quack’, ‘the Charlatan’, ‘the False Prophet’ – all these ‘titles’ were judgments passed by those who did not understand a man well ahead of his time.
Original copy of Le Maitre Inconnu, Cagliostro 1932.
IMAGE CREDIT: © Philippa Lee – Private Collection
A question I am frequently asked with regard to Cagliostro is, ‘was his true identity Guiseppe Balsamo, the common thief and forger from Palermo, Italy?’ My response is ever the same – I really don’t know!
There are certainly documents provided by the Inquisition (several of which are reproduced in the pages that follow) that may persuade us that this man of apparent integrity and ideals could indeed have been born into a simple family, took a turn for the worse and fled Sicily when his ‘scams’ went wrong. Towards the end of his book, Marc Haven writes:
At the beginning of this chapter we said that the question of the unknown life of Cagliostro was of no importance, and we say it again now at the end, hoping to have proved it. Even if we join his enemies in accepting, without proof, that Balsamo really was Cagliostro, we do not find in this hypothesis anything, which in any way sullies the beauty and nobility of his remarkable life.
A book, La Vie de Joseph Balsamo, was published by the Inquisition and described by Haven, ‘as an apologia for its actions, [and] is a masterpiece of hatred and hypocrisy’.
Steeped in contempt and filled with ludicrous assertions, it was the metaphorical nail in Cagliostro’s coffin. The era was already one of suspicion and fear, with the French Revolution just months away at the time of Cagliostro’s arrest.
His supposed involvement in events such as the ‘Affair of the Diamond Necklace’, the formation of the Bavarian Illuminati, through to his alleged support of the revolutionary overthrow of the monarchy, meant that his confused and torture-induced confession literally ‘damned him if he did and damned him if he didn’t’.
Originally condemned and sentenced to death by the Inquisition, this was later commuted to life imprisonment in the Fortress at San Leo in Tuscany.
On 26 August 1795, four years after his incarceration, he died aged 56, a broken and unrepentant man.
The Holy Fathers who oversaw his burial penned this bitter epitaph:
Joseph Balsamo, known as the Conte di Cagliostro, born in Palermo, baptised a Christian but a notorious non-believer and heretic, after having propagated all over Europe the impious dogmas of the Egyptian sect, and having acquired, through his fame and eloquence, an almost innumerable crowd of followers; having undergone various mishaps from which he emerged safe and sound thanks to his magical arts; having been finally condemned by sentence of the Holy Inquisition to perpetual imprisonment in a fortress of this city in the doubtful hope that he would eventually repent; and having with the same obstinacy borne the sufferings of prison for a period of 4 years, 4 months and 5 days, but being finally struck down by a violent attack of apoplexy, which is not unexpected in a man with such stubbornness of heart and unrepentance of soul, died without having given any sign of repentance and without showing any regrets, outside the Communion of our Holy Mother Church, at the age of 52 years, 2 months and 28 days.
He was born in misery, lived in greater misery, and died in the greatest misery on 26th August of the aforesaid year at 3 o ’clock in the morning.
This day, a public supplication was ordered to petition God to, if it were possible, show mercy upon this piece of clay kneaded by His hands. As a heretic, excommunicated and unrepentant, burial in consecrated ground was denied to him: instead he was buried at the very top of the hill on the side where it inclines towards the west, more or less equidistant from the two structures which were built for the sentinels and which are known as Il Palazzetto and Il Casino, on the soil of the Roman Apostolic Curia, on the 28th day of this month at 11 o’clock in the evening.
On the 28th August in the year of grace 1795,
Even after years of research, Cagliostro remains an enigma to me, a character almost frozen in time.
This is the reason why the legend of Count Cagliostro still tantalises us and continues to evoke such strong opinions amongst both his champions and detractors.
Researchers love a mystery, always hoping there will be untold hidden depths to their subjects – I was lucky enough to find those depths in the long forgotten manuscript of Cagliostro’s Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry, which I then had translated.
Along with my co-author Robert L.D. Cooper, we brought his dimly wavering flame back to life.
In this seminal work, Cagliostro, The Unknown Master, Dr Haven is likewise intrigued and yet still often surprised by the Count’s adventures and achievements.
Haven obviously identified with Cagliostro. He was also a man of healing, with a utopian view of life, who later in his life, tried to establish a community with similar aims to the Count’s proscribed ‘way to enlightenment’ – through meditation, prayer, occult learning and Freemasonry.
At medical school Haven had become a friend of Dr Gerard Encausse (known as ‘Papus’) who at a relatively young age was already well established in esoteric circles for his treatises on Kabbalah, Tarot and occult subjects.
In 1894, Papus introduced Haven to the famous healer Nizier Anthelme Philippe (‘Maitre Philippe de Lyon’). Maitre Philippe’s life appears to have closely mirrored Cagliostro’s; he was a healer, occultist, was deeply spiritual and seemingly unswayed by public opinion. Maybe this is why Haven felt compelled to help rehabilitate the Count’s reputation with the publication of his book.
Throughout the pages Cagliostro appears all at once as both Master of magic and the archetypal rogue – he plays with our sensibilities yet enriches our opinion of him, even where it seems incredulous.
He was an unquenchable flame of a man, existing ahead of his time, worshipped and condemned in equal measure. His detractors poured venom on his reputation whilst his supporters fanned the flames of his successes.
And succeed he did, for after nearly 220 years, his memory and Masonic ritual lives on. Whether it is ridiculed or revered, that he left his mark on history is without doubt.
Standing, from left to right: Jean Chapas, Dr Gérard Encausse (‘Papus’), the author Dr Emmanuel Lalande (pen name ‘Dr Marc Haven’). Seated: Nizier Anthelme Philippe (‘Maître Philippe de Lyons’)
Perhaps you are already well versed in the life of Cagliostro, or merely a lover of eighteenth-century historical figures. Maybe you are drawn like a moth to the bright flame of the Enlightenment era; or possibly have an interest in the occult, Rosicrucianism or Freemasonry.
It is fair to say that, wherever your interest lies, Marc Haven’s book gives a fascinating and unique view of each aspect of this remarkable man.
For the past 8 years I have wanted to shed more light on the life of Cagliostro and it is thanks to the sensitive translation skills of Paul Ferguson, that we can offer the English version of this important book.
This text will peel back another layer of the magic and mystery that surrounds Count Alessandro di Cagliostro, while simultaneously deepening the enigma and legacy of this great man.
Replete with copies of letters from dignitaries praising Haven’s subject and including tales from the mouths of his contemporaries, Cagliostro, the Unknown Master, is a testimony to be reckoned with.
Read on and decide for yourself – Master of magic or seller of snake oil?
Article by: Philippa Lee.
Philippa Lee (writes as Philippa Faulks) is the author of eight books, an editor and researcher.
Philippa was initiated into the Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons (HFAF) in 2014.
Her specialism is ancient Egypt, Freemasonry, comparative religions and social history. She has several books in progress on the subject of ancient and modern Egypt. Selection of Books Online at Amazon
Cagliostro – The Unknown Master
First published in French in 1912, this detailed and extensively referenced biography of one of history’s most enigmatic figures has the advantage of having been written by one of the early twentieth century’s leading esotericists, Dr. Marc Haven (real name Dr. Emmanuel Lalande).
Born in Lorraine in 1868, and trained as a medical doctor at the University of Paris, Haven (a close associate of the legendary Papus) brought all his scientific training and esoteric knowledge to bear on the mass of source material – often confused, sometimes contradictory, sometimes scurrilous, almost always hostile – which had accumulated around a man who, at various times and places, was described as a thief, an impostor, a philanderer and a charlatan.
The Cagliostro that emerges from these pages – deeply moral, courageous, witty, lovable, a healer of unparalleled talent, a skillful alchemist, an early champion of women’s rights, a reformer of Freemasonry and, above all, a true Christian – is far removed from the absurd diamond-encrusted charlatan of fiction and film.
Haven’s meticulous analysis of the writings of those who knew the man on a day-to-day basis and his willingness to let him speak for himself in his own noble and powerful words, restore him to his rightful place as one of the truly great figures of Western esotericism as well as a man who, had he succeeded in two of his major projects – preventing the French Revolution and persuading the Roman Catholic church to embrace his Egyptian Rite – would have changed the course of history.
By turns hilarious and deeply moving, Haven’s book remains, despite its age, one of the most colourful and comprehensive sources of information about this enigmatic figure as well as one of the finest esoteric biographies ever written.
Paul Ferguson’s translation of Haven’s revised and corrected text is enriched with a short biography of the author, prefaces by ‘Secret History of the World’ author Jonathan Black and leading occult writer and Cagliostro expert Philippa (Lee) Faulks, and a list of English-language Internet sources.
Anyone with an interest in 18th century social and cultural history will enjoy this book, as well as esotericists, Rosicrucians, Freemasons and anyone concerned to see one of history’s most maligned figures portrayed in his true light.
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 Book Review - Three Stages of Initiatic Spirituality - Angel Millar Angel Millar is a well-known lecturer on Freemasonry, initiation, and esotericism as well as an artist and student of the martial arts. The author of several books. |
 Book Review - The Rite of Seven Degrees This book examines the deeply esoteric eighteenth-century Rite of Seven Degrees. |
 Book Review - The Green Book of the Elus Coens The Green Book of the Élus Coëns is the most fascinating insight yet into the secrets and mysteries of the eighteenth century’s most esoteric of masonic societies – The Order of Knight-Mason Elect-Cohens of the Universe. |
 Book Review - Freemasonry for the Heart and Mind Freemasonry for the Heart and Mind: A glance at Freemasonry during the Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions. |
 Book Review - The Masonic Pageant The Masonic Pageant is published by Cornerstone Book Publishers and features a nice foreword by Chris Hodapp, 33°. |
 DVD Review - A Mighty Good Man A drama-documentary of the life of Elias Ashmole including a reconstruction of the first personally recorded Free Masonic Initiation into a Lodge anywhere in the world. |
 It is reasonable to suggest that when published, Invisibles was the most comprehensive, comparative study, to date, of the Rosicrucian mega-meme. |
 Book Review - Mnemonic Methods Within this book 'Mnemonic Methods by Robert Fludd', translator Paul Ferguson introduces us to the English translation of two of Fludd's short treatises on memory |
 Book Review - English Illuminati This book gives us a deep look into the European occult revival of the late nineteenth century and some of its key figures… |
 Book Review - Emulation: A Ritual to Remember How does one begin to review a masonic classic which has faithfully served generations? Perhaps starting with the title Emulation: A Ritual to Remember. |
 Book Review - The Rosslyn Hoax Robert Cooper asks, would you like to know the truth about Rosslyn Chapel ? |
 Book Review - Mastering Masonic Ritual Mastering Masonic Ritual is focused on preparing for a successful and fulfilling journey around the floor to the Chair. |
 Book Review - Companions of Christian Rosenkreutz A review of Companions of Christian Rosenkreutz - Collected Papers 2008-2016 |
 Book Review - Freemasonry: Material Moral and Mystical A review of Freemasonry: Material, Moral, and Mystical by Tony Baker |
 Book Review - The Masonic Tutor's Handbook 2 A review of The Masonic Tutor's Handbooks: Vol 2 - Freemasonry - After Covid 19 by Robert Lomas |
 Book Review - Three Distinct Knocks - John Meeks "Why don't these new guys come back?" This is the question I often hear; and it is this same question that pushed me to write this book. - John Meek |
 Book Review - Soldier and Mason Soldier and Mason: The Life of Charles Warren Napier-Clavering |
 Book Review - Bohemian Masonic Glass A completely unique narrative publication mapping the phenomenon of glass production for the needs of Masonic lodges |
 Book Review - This Chequered Existence Gerald Reilly reviews this new book covering the near-modern history of Freemasonry in England and Wales during the 20th-century. |
 Book Review - The EA, FC, MM Handbooks Essential reading for every Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason - these seminal books by J.S.M Ward are what every Mason needs! |
 Book Review - The Freemasons who won America's War for Independence Find out who were the Freemasons who won America's War for Independence |
 Book Review - Black Freemasonry: From Prince Hall to the Giants of Jazz A book review of Black Freemasonry: From Prince Hall to the Giants of Jazz by Cécile Révauger |
 Book Review - Crime and the Craft Crime and the Craft reveals that the Freemasons have been involved in treason, murder, conspiracy, fraud, and scandal from the time of the English Civil War to the 1980s. |
 Book Review - Focus on Ric Berman Focus on Ric Berman a British historian who writes about the intersection of freemasonry, politics and society. |
 Book Review - The Temple That Never Sleeps Freemasons and E-Masonry Toward a New Paradigm |
 Book Review - The Secret School of Wisdom The Authentic Rituals and Doctrines of the Illuminati is a pioneering text |
 Book Review - Charles Warren: Royal Engineer in the Age of Empire Sir Charles Warren, the Police Commissioner who failed to catch 'Jack the Ripper' |
 Book Review - Freemasonry and the Press in the Twentieth Century During the latter part of the twentieth century, the Press and Freemasonry had a tense relationship. |
 Book Review - Who was Hiram Abiff? Every Freemason must have at some point asked himself the above question. |
 The new MBC will have a different business model than the old. |
 Book Review - Jesse James and the Lost Templar Treasure Lost Templar Treasure: Secret Diaries, Coded Maps, and the Knights of the Golden Circle |
 Book Review - The Enigma of the Royal Arch Royal Arch What's it all about |
 Review of the new book The Craft by John Dickie, Professor of Italian Studies at University College London |
 Book Review - For Hills and Valleys For Hills and Valleys, Mobile Schools and Republicanism in the Zêzere Valley By Aires Henriques |
 DVD Review - 33 and Beyond: The Royal Art of Freemasonry 33 & Beyond: The Royal Art of Freemasonry, is perhaps the most fascinating and important documentary ever made on the on the subject matter of Freemasonry. |
 Book Review - History of Freemasonry in Bessarabia Book review by guest reviewer Gheorghe Bichicean on the History of Freemasonry in Bessarabia by Alexandru Rufanda |
 A new Board Game based on The Freemasons |
 Book Review - The Lost Keys of Freemasonry Introduction to The Lost Keys of Freemasonry by Manly P. Hall |
 A system of morality – Aristotle and the making of the ritual by Professor G.R. Boys-Stones |
 Book Review - History of the Grand Orient of Italy In depth book review in to the History of the Grand Orient of Italy by the author |
 Book Review – Freemasonry It's Hidden Meaning Youtube Book review by Baruti KMT-Sisouvong |
Recent Articles: in people series
 Celebrate the extraordinary legacy of The Marquis de La Fayette with C.F. William Maurer's insightful exploration of Lafayette's 1824-25 tour of America. Discover how this revered leader and Freemason was honored by a young nation eager to showcase its growth and pay tribute to a hero of the American Revolution. |
 Albert Mackey and the Civil War In the midst of the Civil War's darkness, Dr. Albert G. Mackey, a devoted Freemason, shone a light of brotherhood and peace. Despite the nation's divide, Mackey tirelessly advocated for unity and compassion, embodying Freemasonry's highest ideals—fraternal love and mutual aid. His actions remind us that even in dire times, humanity's best qualities can prevail. |
 Discover the enduring bond of brotherhood at Lodge Dumfries Kilwinning No. 53, Scotland's oldest Masonic lodge with rich historical roots and cultural ties to poet Robert Burns. Experience rituals steeped in tradition, fostering unity and shared values, proving Freemasonry's timeless relevance in bridging cultural and global divides. Embrace the spirit of universal fraternity. |
 Discover the profound connections between John Ruskin's architectural philosophies and Freemasonry's symbolic principles. Delve into a world where craftsmanship, morality, and beauty intertwine, revealing timeless values that transcend individual ideas. Explore how these parallels enrich our understanding of cultural history, urging us to appreciate the deep impacts of architectural symbolism on society’s moral fabric. |
 Discover the incredible tale of the Taxil Hoax: a stunning testament to human gullibility. Unmasked by its mastermind, Leo Taxil, this elaborate scheme shook the world by fusing Freemasonry with diabolical plots, all crafted from lies. Dive into a story of deception that highlights our capacity for belief and the astonishing extents of our credulity. A reminder – question everything. |
 Dive into the extraordinary legacy of Alexander Von Humboldt, an intrepid explorer who defied boundaries to quench his insatiable thirst for knowledge. Embarking on a perilous five-year journey, Humboldt unveiled the Earth’s secrets, laying the foundation for modern conservationism. Discover his timeless impact on science and the spirit of exploration. |
 Voltaire - Freethinker and Freemason Discover the intriguing connection between the Enlightenment genius, Voltaire, and his association with Freemasonry in his final days. Unveil how his initiation into this secretive organization aligned with his lifelong pursuit of knowledge, civil liberties, and societal progress. Explore a captivating facet of Voltaire's remarkable legacy. |
 Robert Burns; But not as we know him A controversial subject but one that needs addressing. Robert Burns has not only been tarred with the presentism brush of being associated with slavery, but more scaldingly accused of being a rapist - a 'Weinstein sex pest' of his age. |
 Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse Discover the captivating story of Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse, the First Grand Master of Grand Lodge of Ireland, as we explore his rise to nobility, scandalous affiliations, and lasting legacy in 18th-century Irish history. Uncover the hidden secrets of this influential figure and delve into his intriguing associations and personal life. |
 James Gibbs St. Mary-Le-Strand Church Ricky Pound examines the mysterious carvings etched into the wall at St Mary-Le-Strand Church in the heart of London - are they just stonemasons' marks or a Freemason’s legacy? |
 Freemasonry and the Royal Family In the annals of British history, Freemasonry occupies a distinctive place. This centuries-old society, cloaked in symbolism and known for its masonic rituals, has intertwined with the British Royal Family in fascinating ways. The relationship between Freemasonry and the Royal Family is as complex as it is enduring, a melding of tradition, power, and mystery that continues to captivate the public imagination. |
 A Man Of High Ideals: Kenneth Wilson MA A biography of Kenneth Wilson, his life at Wellington College, and freemasonry in New Zealand by W. Bro Geoff Davies PGD and Rhys Davies |
 In 1786, intending to emigrate to Jamaica, Robert Burns wrote one of his finest poetical pieces – a poignant Farewell to Freemasonry that he wrote for his Brethren of St. James's Lodge, Tarbolton. |
 Alex Lishanin explores Mumbai and discovers the story of Lodge Rising Star of Western India and Manockjee Cursetjee – the first Indian to enter the Masonic Brotherhood of India. |
 Aleister Crowley - a very irregular Freemason Aleister Crowley, although made a Freemason in France, held a desire to be recognised as a 'regular' Freemason within the jurisdiction of UGLE – a goal that was never achieved. |
 Sir Joseph Banks – The botanical Freemason Banks was also the first Freemason to set foot in Australia, who was at the time, on a combined Royal Navy & Royal Society scientific expedition to the South Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour led by Captain James Cook. |
 Making a Mason in Prison: the John Wilkes’ exception? |
 "To be a good man and true" is the first great lesson a man should learn, and over 40 years of being just that in example, Dr Buck won the right to lay down the precept. |
 Elias Ashmole: Masonic Hero or Scheming Chancer? The debate is on! Two eminent Masonic scholars go head to head: Yasha Beresiner proposes that Elias Ashmole was 'a Masonic hero', whereas Robert Lomas posits that Ashmole was a 'scheming chancer'. |
 Sir Arthur Sullivan - A Masonic Composer We are all familiar with the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, but did you know Sullivan was a Freemason, lets find out more…. |
 The Much-Maligned Dr John Misaubin The reputation of the Huguenot Freemason, has been buffeted by waves of criticism for the best part of three hundred years. |
 Was William Morgan really murdered by Masons in 1826? And what was the lie Masonic author Rob Morris told? Find out more in the intriguing story of 'The Morgan Affair'. |
 Lived Respected - Died Regretted Lived Respected - Died Regretted: a tribute to HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh |
 Who was Moses Jacob Ezekiel, a Freemason, American Civil War Soldier, renowned sculptor ? |
 A Masonic author and Provincial Grand Master of Forfarshire in Scotland |
 Who was Philip, Duke of Wharton and was he Freemasonry’s Loose Cannon Ball ? |
 Richard Carlile - The Manual of Freemasonry Will the real author behind The Manual of Freemasonry please stand up! |
 Nicholas Hawksmoor – the ‘Devil’s Architect’ Nicholas Hawksmoor was one of the 18th century’s most prolific architects |
 By Bro. Anthony Oneal Haye (1838-1877), Past Poet Laureate, Lodge Canongate Kilwinning No. 2, Edinburgh. |
 The Curious Case of the Chevalier d’Éon A cross-dressing author, diplomat, soldier and spy, the Le Chevalier D'Éon, a man who passed as a woman, became a legend in his own lifetime. |
 Mozart Freemasonry and The Magic Flute. Rev'd Dr Peter Mullen provides a historical view on the interesting topics |
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