Public Speaking

Public speaking is a skill you can learn, and Freemasonry offers the opportunity to perfect and practice this skill.

By becoming proficient you will enjoy it and start to understand how important it is to inform and persuade people in your private and professional life too.

Demosthenes Practicing Oratory by Jean Lecomte du Nouÿ (1842-1923)

IMAGE LINKED:  wikimedia Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

In ancient times, masters of public speaking, or orators, held a lot of power. In Greece and Rome, public speaking was an important skill for members of the legislative bodies. It was both feared and revered due to its ability to inform and persuade people.

As far as Homer (8th or 9th century BC), the art of effective speaking was of considerable value in Greece. In Homer’s epic, the Iliad, the warrior, Achilles, was described as “a speaker of words and a doer of deeds”.

Until the 5th century BC, however, oratory was not formally taught. In fact, it is not until the middle of that century that the Sicilian orator, Corax, along with his pupil, Tisias, began a formal study of rhetoric.

In 427 BC, another Sicilian named Gorgias of Leontini visited Athens and gave a speech which apparently dazzled the citizens. Gorgias’s ‘intellectual’ approach to oratory, which included new ideas, forms of expression, and methods of argument, was continued by Isocrates, a 4th-century BC educator and rhetorician.

Oratory eventually became a central subject of study in the formalized Greek education system.

The work of the ‘Attic Orators’ inspired the later rhetorical movement of Atticism, an approach to speech composition in a simple rather than ornate style.

In Freemasonry, there are many opportunities for a Freemason to speak. For Masonic officers much of their success in ritual and their roles in office comes from being able to communicate to an audience, especially the Worshipful Master.

It is the same in your personal and professional life. The person who can talk to an audience effectively reaps the benefits.

Public speaking is like learning to ride a bike. To start with you will fall off and hurt yourself. Some who are looking on (who can’t ride a bike) may even laugh at you.

But if you focus on the basic principles, take some lessons, correct your mistakes, practice, correct your mistakes and practice a bit more, you will ride without incident. Those who once laughed at you, will be the ones who will then applaud you.

Therefore, public speaking can be a benefit to you. Being a good public speaker can enhance your reputation both inside and outside the lodge, boost your self-confidence when presenting your opinions at meetings and open up countless opportunities.

Strategies for Becoming a Better Speaker

The good news is that public speaking is a skill that can be learnt.   You can use the following strategies to become a better speaker and presenter.

Plan ahead

First, make sure that you plan your speech appropriately. If you are reciting ritual, then start with a short piece. For example, the first degree working tools. I would note here that memorising ritual is a different skillset and we will be presenting articles on Memory Techniques in further issues of this magazine.

If you plan to give an after-dinner speech at the festive board, for the first time, I suggest you avoid telling jokes. Public speaking + humour requires an additional skillset.

Stick to a simple message. Have a start, a middle and an ending. Do not think you can wing it at this stage. You will need to plan it, then rehearse it.  Also try to avoid reading a prepared script.

There are some professional strategies you could try to help you think about how you’ll structure what you’re going to say:

The Rhetorical Triangle

Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability to persuade an audience is based on how well the speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: logos, ethos, and pathos. Considered together, these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle.

Logos appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued their point.

Ethos appeals to the writer’s character. Ethos can also be thought of as the role of the writer in the argument, and how credible their argument is.

Pathos appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence states that the first step is to state the problem the customer is having, then explain it if one cannot solidify the need and give a representation of the situation that may occur.

tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them

Attention – The attention step is audience-focused and uses an attention-getter to catch the audience’s attention.

Need – The topic is applied to the psychological needs of the audience members. Monroe believed that it was most effective to convince the audience that they had specific needs tailored to the topic of the presentation.

Satisfaction – Specific and viable solutions to the problems raised in the previous step are presented to the audience.

Visualization – The solution is then described in such a way that the audience can visualize both the solution and its positive effects in a detailed manner.

Action – The audience is then told how to solve the problem using the solution(s) previously presented.

7Cs of Communication

To ensure that you communicate in the most efficient and engaging manner possible, and thereby enhance your productivity at work, your communication needs to follow the 7Cs: Clear, Correct, Complete, Concise, Concrete, Coherent, Courteous.

Clear – When writing or speaking to someone, be clear about your goal or message. What is your purpose in communicating with this person? If you’re not sure, then your audience won’t be sure either.

Concise – When you are concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it brief. Your audience doesn’t want to read six sentences when you could communicate your message in three.

Concrete – When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what you’re telling them. There are details (but not too many!) and vivid facts, and there’s laser-like focus. Your message is solid.

Correct – When your communication is correct, it fits your audience. And correct communication is also error-free communication.

Coherent – When your communication is coherent, it’s logical. All points are connected and relevant to the main topic, and the tone and flow of the text is consistent.

Complete – In a complete message, the audience has everything they need to be informed and, if applicable, take action.

Courteous – Courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. There are no hidden insults or passive-aggressive tones. You keep your reader’s viewpoint in mind, and you’re empathetic to their needs.

Use the 7 Cs of Communication as a checklist for all of your communications. By doing this, you’ll stay clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, and courteous.

Stand Up – Speak Up – Shut Up

(advice given to me by my first Director of Ceremonies)

There are three golden rules for parliamentary speakers: “Stand up. Speak up. Shut up.” – J.W. Lowthe  (1855 – 1949) British politician

Improvement with practice

As you become proficient at public speaking, you may get called upon with little or no notice to make a toast. Not all occasions when you need to speak in public will be scheduled. You can make good impromptu speeches by having ideas and mini-speeches prepared.

Prepare to either give a toast to the visitors, or be prepared to give the visitor’s response.

It also helps to have a good, thorough understanding of what’s going on in your lodge, and Freemasonry in general.

Engage with your audience

When you are speaking, try to engage with your audience. This makes you feel less isolated and keeps everyone involved with your message.

Keep in mind that some words reduce your authority as a speaker. For instance, avoid using words like;  “just“, “I think“,  “actually“,  or “you know what I mean“.

Also, pay attention to how you’re speaking. If you’re nervous, you might talk quickly. This increases the chances that you’ll trip over your words, or say something you don’t mean. Force yourself to slow down by breathing deeply.

Don’t be afraid to gather your thoughts; pauses are an important part of conversation, and they make you sound confident, natural, and authentic.

Finally, avoid reading word-for-word from notes. That is not public speaking, it is reading out loud.

While you are reading you are not making any eye to eye contact with your audience. Also you are not giving out any body language signals, or for that matter, not receiving any non-verbal signals from the audience.

If you cannot remember what you need to say, and you need to cover specific points, then make headings on cue cards. As you get better at public speaking, and to get to know your subject better, try to memorize what you’re going to say.

Here is a TedX video ( ~20mins ) with some Public Speaking Tips from a voice coach Caroline Goyder.

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